Below is a chart of the sources found in Winona, except for epigraphs, short quotations of poems, and passages by William Wells Brown. Following the chart is a bibliography. The bibliography is part of an article that discusses the appropriations in “’We are going to take that right’: Power and Plagiarism in Pauline Hopkins’s Winona. College Language Association Journal, Dec 2015, Vol. 59 Issue 2. For further information, contact Pavletich at pavletichj@uhd.edu.
The source text is in the left column with page numbers from the originals as they were found on Google Books; they are not the page numbers of the downloaded pdf, but of the actual source text. Identifying page numbers and phrases from Winona are in the right column. Generally, only a few words have been included to identify the start of a passage. In a few instances the use of a text’s general sensibility or an entire page, conversation, or scene from the original is noted. The sources are arranged alphabetically by author.
Britten, Emma Hardinge. “The Improvistoire, or Torn Leaves from Life” in The Wildfire Club, pp 134-238. Boston: Berry, Colby, and Company, 1861. Google Books. Web.
| 191 . . . the rays of the fierce summer sun. . . Unhappily we tell no tale of fiction. | 385 The rays of the fierce summer sun. . . Unhappily we tell no tale of fiction. . . |
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. The White Islander. New York: The Century Co., 1893. Google Books. Web.
| 1 The June day was sultry. . . 2 Within the area . . . sat Chippewa squaws. . 16 No Indian would ordinarily trust . . . 17 . . . his long hair clung in tendrils around his neck and ears. | 288 It was late in the afternoon of a June day. 288 On the sandy beach Indian squaws sat. . . 304 Not even an Indian would ordinarily trust . . . Warrren’s hair hung in strings about his neck . . . |
| 20 The canoe tossed like a chip. . . | 289 Presently, the canoe tossed like a chip. . . |
| 22 . . . turning a leather string. . . 37 I am glad I learned their language. . . | 295 Then she hung the fish on pieces of leather string. . . 293 I will not go to the convent school. |
| 53 Great blossoms of pink and yellow fungus. . . 55 “But as soon as you touch them . . . " 62 "She queen," said George. 83 "They are all the same . . . “ 100 Some impulse of the wild things. . . 101 Time's divisions were lost. . . . 116 Marie stared across the . . . . "Come back to me! | 291 Great blossoms of pink and yellow fungus . . . 292 “But they turn black as soon as you touch them.” 290 Winona was queen of the little island. . . 407 Nokomis used to say ‘they are all the same. . . 375 Some impulse of the wild things . . . 376 Time’s divisions were lost. . . She stared across the space. . . . “Come back to me!” |
| 148 Henry ground his teeth . . . | 370 Warren ground his teeth . . . |
Doy, John. The Narrative of John Doy of Lawrence, Kansas: “A Plain, Unvarnished Tale.” New York: Thomas Holman, 1860. Google Books. Web.
| 14 [T]he Border Ruffians brought in by Col. Titus . . . | Colonel Titus is an Englishman turned slave-owner and leader of the pro-slavery vigilantes. |
| 20 During these troubles, the women and children made cartridges for our rifles . . . | Female participation in struggle for racial justice. |
| 35 . . . our captors stopped at the door . . . | 380 . . . stopped at the door . . . |
| 36 After much entreaty, I succeeded . . . | 381 After much entreaty, he succeeded . . . |
| 38 . . . we were again marched into the streets. . . 40 I drew up the following protest: | 382 After this, he was marched through the streets. . . Warren . . . drew up the following protest: |
| 45 A light mulatto lad, Allen Pinks . . . | 386 The nurse was a young mulatto known as Allen Pinks |
| 65 He had been cook and head waiter . . . 68 Pinks . . .took up the buckets. . . 83 More celebration of female strength. | 386 The boy had been cook and head-waiter . . . 390 At night Allen went as usual to the well to draw the water . . . |
| 91 Under the room in which I was confined . . . 108 He was quite curious about the jail, looking around a good deal . . . 109 "We're from Andrew County . . . 112 "If you resist . . . | 384 Under the room in which he was confined . . . 390 The visitor was quite curious about the hall, looking around a great deal . . . 391 We are from Andrew County. . If you resist . . . |
Foote, Mary Hallock. The Chosen Valley. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1892. Google Books. Web.
| 173 Summer was advancing . . . | 400 Summer was advancing . . . |
| 177 The rumor and stir of the camps fired his blood . . . | 401 The stir of the camp fired his blood . . . |
| 181 "Which is my country, I wonder? 182 "Well, I should not care to marry . . . 183 Philip dissembled his amusement. . . | 406 Which is my country, I wonder? “I cannot marry . . . ” 407 Warren dissembled his intense amusement. . . |
Fox, Jr. John. A Cumberland Vendetta. The Century Illustrated Monthly, Vol XLVII; New Series Vol XXVI, May 1894-October 1894. Google Books. Web.
| 497 [T]he riders swerved into a wooded slope. . . | 358 [T]hey swerved . . . and entered a wooded slope. . . |
| 498 But he kept hidden . . . "Stop thar!" . . . "Seem kinder s'prised to see me," said the Stetson, grimly. . . | 413 The long description of Thomson and Judah on mountain cliffs. “Stop where you are!” 414 “You are surprised to see me, “said Judah grimly. |
| 503 A little noise down the path . . . | 377 The scene where Judah confronts Winona with his love is take from the source text on page 503. |
| 504 "I'm goin' 'way, Marthy . . . " | 378 The entire conversation between Winona and Judah is based on this scene and its language. |
Hayes, A.A. “Laramie Jack.” The Century Illustrated Monthly, Vol. 17, No 39, 1890, pp 523-530. Google Books. Web.
| 529 Suddenly Laramie Jack fell back to Frank’s side. . . . he’s wild to have his revenge. . . | 409 Maybee fell back to Warren’s side . . . 410 . . . he’s wil’ fer revenge. . . |
| 530 “Now you’ll see some fun,” said he . . . | 411 The entire page is a slight editing and reordering of the source text on page 530. |
“In the Hands of the Mob: A Woman’s Story” San Francisco Argonaut. The Current Literature: A Magazine of Record and Review, Vol XVI, July-December 1894. New York: The Current Literature Publishing Company. Google Books. Web.
| 436 Men were pouring out of the . . . “Thousands against one," it seemed to say. “Cowards!” They who speak lightly of a mob . . . | Chapter ten is almost entirely derived from the source text. 367 Men poured down to the water’s edge . . . 368 “Thousands against one,” he seemed to say, “Cowards!” They who speak or think lightly of a mob . . . |
Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on Virginia from Query XVIII: Manners and the Effects of Slavery, 1787.
| That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just . . . | 385 The liberties of a people are not to be violated . . . 386 Indeed, we tremble for our country when we reflect that God is just . . . |
Martin, George. “The First Two Years of Kansas.” Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume 10, 1907-1908, page 126. Google Books. Web.
| I tell you to mark every scoundrel that is in the least tainted with free-soilism or abolitionism and exterminate him. . . | George Martin quotes Benjamin F. Stringfellow, a pro-slavery resident and leader in Kansas. It is one extended paragraph. Hopkins gives his words to Colonel Titus on page 316. |
Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur Thomas. A Dead Man’s Rock: A Romance. London: Cassel & Company, Limited, 1887. Google Books. Web.
| 178 A morbid soul . . . | 417 He was a morbid soul . . . |
| 358 Then as I still watched . . .came one awful cry . . . | 417 Then, as he listened, there came a last awful cry . . . |
Thanet, Octave. Expiation. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890. Google Books. Web.
| 1-3 Introduction of Fairfax Rutherford parallels the introduction to Warren Maxwell. 1 Only puddles and sluices of water. . . 2 It was a very pleasant voice, however, with nice modulations. . . | 297 Deep puddles and sluices of water. . . 298 It was a pleasant voice, nicely modulated. . . |
| 23 The picture remained with him. . . | 305 The pictured remained with Warren . . . |
| 24 Adele can shoot a rifle and asserts moral authority as she Fair out to help others. | 307 We find out later Winona can shoot and she shows her moral authority in battle. |
| 36 Spoken by Mrs. Rutherford of her husband: "His hair is right gray. . .” | 319 Spoken by Lillian, Col Titus’ daughter: “His hair is right gray . . . “ |
| 38-48 Dick Barnabus as exploiter and bully. He is beaten at a horse trade by Parson Collins. | Bill Thompson figure. He does the dirty work for the Col. Titus. He is beaten in a horse deal by Judah. |
| 58 Still, now and again, across the confusion of his emotions . . . | 359 Now and again across the confusion of his mind . . . |
| 59 Why should the mare tremble? | 361 Why should the horse tremble? |
| Fair is rescued and taken care of by Parson Collins | Max is taken up by Parson Steward. |
| M’ay Jane is a mule | M’ay Jane is Maybee’s wife |
| Sam and Lige are two of Barnabus’ men. | Jim and Dan and Maybee and Parson Steward are modeled on Sam and Lige. |
| 67 "Say, Sam," Lige whispered to his comrade . . . | 362 “Say, Jim,” whispered a slight, thin man to his neighbor . . . |
| 68 Barnabus had taken the gold . . . 69 "Look a yere, boy," said Dick. . . "you've got to know. 70 He was trembling. . . 71 “Look a yere," he continued . . . Their eyes met. . . 76 His thoughts were only a jumble of hideous pictures. 78 Lige scowled and whispered to Sam . . . 81 Barnabus gets the truth out of Fairfax who implicates Parson Collins. 82 "An' what a hunter he is . . . | 362 Thomson had taken the gold . . . Look here, my friend, you’ve got to tell me 363 Warren was trembling . . . “Look a-here . . . Their eyes met. . . 365 His thoughts were a jumble of hideous pictures. Sam and Dan talked together in whispers. . . Warren never reveals his secrets. 366 An’ what a hunter he was . . . |
| 90 "And killing ain't to be compared with the punishment that's waiting on you . . ." | 366 Min’ the time he says to Bill, ‘you ride fas’, but Death’ll cotch you, an’ after death the judgmen’!” |
| 114 "Fast asleep," she whispered. . . " 115 The bed gave a little creak. . . . his father had kissed him! | 387 “Fast asleep at last,” he whispered. . . . The cot gave a creak. . . . the nurse had kissed the patient! |
| 163 . . . her firm head played her false . . . 170 Will you look at the Parson? They all reckon he's dead . . . | 421 . . . her firm head played her false . . . 410 But who’s that riding beside Reynolds? 419 “They reckoned he was dead . . .” |
| 177 Fair’s father tells him that Dick is his to catch "God, it's murder!" 178 Look a yere . . . 180 Why, it were more merciful to shoot . . . 181 Fairfax did not deceive himself. | Judah is given Bill Thompson to kill. Judah plays the role of Fairfax here. 415 “God! It’s murder . . . “ Judah,” he began, “look a-here. . . “ 413 It were more merciful to shoot . . . ” 416 Not for one instant did Thomson deceive him. |
| 186 Among the wounded in the fight with the graybacks was Lige. . . "This yere's a better way t' go, ain't it, Sammy? 187 Lige's face worked a little. . . 191 Lige goes through an extended confession 194 "Madness is in their hearts . . .” | 423 The anti-slavery men met with small loss, but among the wounded was Ebenezer Maybee. 424 “This yer’s a good cause to go in, Parson.” Maybee’s face worked. . . 425 Thomson has an extended confession. 426 “Madness is in our hearts . . . “ |
| 200 Where the guerillas paid the penalty . . . | 430 Where the Rangers had paid the penalty . . . |
Trowbridge, John Townsend. Cudjo’s Cave. Boston: J.E. Tilton and Company, 1864. Google Books. Web.
| 122 He was, in short, a lion of a man | 320 He was a lion of a man |
| 468 And in the Negro’s face shone . . . 472 His bold and sagacious plan . . . 473 “I suppose,” said he, “I am to be treated as a prisoner of war.” 487-89 Virginia intercedes for Deslow. | 417 In his face shone a glitter . . . The first act in his bold and sagacious plans . . . 414 “I suppose I am your prisoner?” Winona stops Judah from ending Thomson’s life. |
Sigourney, Lydia H. et al. “The Legend of Oxford.” The Young Ladies’ Offerings, Or, Gems of Prose and Poetry. Boston: Phillips and Sampson, 1840.
| 28 But amid the self-denying calmness . . . | 374 But amid the self-denying calmness . . . |
| 34 Thus the musket was the companion . . . | 374 . . . for the musket was companion . . . |
Appendix: Bibliography of Sources for Winona: A Tale of Negro Life in the South and Southwest
The following bibliography contains all the sources found thus far in Winona, but does not include entries for epigraphs or short quotations of poems. Detailed information about these borrowings, including a chart of page numbers and passages in the originals and in Winona is available from pavletichj@uhd.edu.
Britten, Emma Hardinge. “The Improvistoire, or Torn Leaves from Life.” The Wildfire Club. Boston: Berry, Colby, and Company, 1861. 134-238. Google Books. Web.
Brown, William Wells. Clotelle; or, The President’s Daughter. A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States. London: Partridge & Oakey, 1853. Project Gutenberg. Web.
_________. My Southern Home; or, The South and its People. 1880. Gloucester: Dodo Press, 2009. Print.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. The White Islander. New York: The Century Co., 1893. Google Books. Web.
Doy, John. The Narrative of John Doy of Lawrence, Kansas: “A Plain, Unvarnished Tale.” New York: Thomas Holman, 1860. Google Books. Web.
Foote, Mary Hallock. The Chosen Valley. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1892. Google Books. Web.
Fox, Jr. John. A Cumberland Vendetta. The Century Illustrated Monthly, Vol XLVII; New Series Vol XXVI, May 1894-October 1894. Google Books. Web.
Hayes, A.A. “Laramie Jack.” The Century Illustrated Monthly 17.39 (1890). 523-530. Google Books. Web.
“In the Hands of the Mob: A Woman’s Story.” San Francisco Argonaut. The Current Literature: A Magazine of Record and Review. Vol XVI, July-December 1894. New York: The Current Literature Publishing Company. Google Books. Web.
Jefferson, Thomas. “Query XVIII: Manners and the Effects of Slavery.” Notes on the State of Virginia. 1787. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Web.
Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur Thomas. Dead Man’s Rock: A Romance. London: Cassel & Company, Limited, 1887. Google Books. Web.
Stringfellow, Benjamin. Speech. George Martin. “The First Two Years of Kansas.” Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society 10 (1907-1908). 120-148.
Thanet, Octave. Expiation. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1890. Google Books. Web.
Trowbridge, John Townsend. Cudjo’s Cave. Boston: J.E. Tilton and Company, 1864. Google Books. Web.
Sigourney, Lydia H. “The Legend of Oxford.” The Young Ladies’ Offerings, Or, Gems of Prose and Poetry. Boston: Phillips and Sampson, 1840. 23-83. Google Books. Web.
